Earth: The Blue Planet

Earth

(4.5 Billion years ago)

Earth and the other planets formed about 4.6 billion years ago. They were made of the leftover gas from the nebula that made the Sun. The Moon may have been formed after a collision between the early Earth and a smaller planet (sometimes called Theia). Scientists believe that parts of both planets broke off - becoming (by gravity) the Moon.

Earth's water came from different places. Condensing water vapor, and comets and asteroids hitting Earth, made the oceans. Within a billion years (that is about 3.6 billion years ago) the first life evolved, in the Archaean era. Some bacteria developed photosynthesis, which lets plants make food from the Sun's light and water. This released a lot of oxygen, which was first taken up by iron in the solution. Eventually, free oxygen got into the atmosphere or air, making Earth's surface suitable for aerobic life (see Great Oxygenation Event). This oxygen also formed the ozone layer which protects Earth's surface from bad ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. Complex life on the surface of the land did not exist before the ozone layer.

Earth was very different in the distant past. Long ago, almost all land was in one place. This is called a supercontinent. The earliest known supercontinent was called Vaalbara. Much later, there was a time (the Cryogenian) when Earth was almost entirely covered by thick ice sheets (glaciers). This is called the Snowball Earth theory.

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Meerthi, Ismail : Khan Sahib

Ismail Meerthi: (1844–1917) Maulvi Ismail Meerthi born on 12 November 1844 in Meerut, was an Urdu poet, Schoolteacher, and Educationist. He was home-schooled by his father Sheikh Piir Bakhsh., later he received his higher education in the Persian language from Mirza Rahim Baig, who replied Ghalib's Qati-e-Burhan by writing Sati-e-Burhan. At first Ismail was not interested in poetry but his contemporaries, especially Qalaq's companionship, attracted him to poetry. Initially, he wrote some ghazals which were published under pseudonyms. After that he turned to Nazms. Later, he had a long and strong acquaintance with Munshi Zakaullah and Muhammad Hussain Azad. And thus, his poems became popular in Urdu. Due to his ability and literary services, the government of the time gave him the title of " Khan Sahib ". Ismail Meerthi had a important place among those who introduced Urdu literature to modern Nazm-composition. The books written before the failed war of Independenc...

HOOD, THOMAS: British Romantic Poet

HOOD, THOMAS: (1799-1845) Thomas Hood English poet and writer was the son of a publisher and bookseller whose death in 1811 led to his education being curtailed. Thomas Hood worked as an engraver. In 1821 he got a job in London Magazine as an editorial assistant, the owners of which were old friends of his father's. He thus found himself at the heart of the literary scene. His first volume, written in collaboration with his friend Joshua Reynolds was ' Odes ' and ' Addresses to Great People ' published in 1825. From that book, he gained fame as a satirical poet. Two more collections of magazines and articles followed it entitled ' Whims ' and ' Oddities ' in 1826 and 1827. He edited and published his work in a number of periodicals including ' The Gem ', ' Comic Annuals ', ' New Monthly Magazine, and finally Hood's Own '. Despite the fact that Hood was favorite family reading for years, he was always short of money. He ...

Ahmed, Deputy Nazir: The first Urdu Novelist or Shams-ul-Ulema

Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi: (1836-1910) Nazir Ahmad Dehlvi also known as Deputy Nazir Ahmad is a pioneer in many fields: he is the first Urdu novelist and also the first visionary who created a respectable storehouse of literature for women. He is also the person who visualized a manifesto for feminism, apart from translating the Indian Penal Code into Urdu called ' Taazeerat-e-Hind ' for the first time. This book was too well received both by the British administration and judiciary. Nazir Ahmad was born on December 06, 1936, in Bijnaur district of Uttar Pradesh, India. He received his early education from his father, 'Maulvi Saadat Ali', who was a teacher himself. After this, he joined Delhi’s Aurangabadi Madrasa where he was taught by Maulvi Abdul Khaliq. During his stay in Delhi, he used to live in a mosque located in Punjabi Katra. During those days, students had to collect their daily meals from different families in the locality. Nazir Ahmad also followed this exercise a...

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